A Bahá'í Glossary
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Bahá'í Chronology - The Universal House of Justice - 176 B.E. (A.D. 2019-2020)
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< 175 B.E. | 177 B.E. >
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[ 37 Articles ]
• Istijlál 1 Bahá 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Khamīs 14 Rajab  A.H. 1440
• Thursday 21 March A.D. 2019
• Yom Chamishi 14 Adar II  A.M. 5779
At 02:28:12 CDT on Istijlál 1 Bahá 176 B.E. A Bahá'í Glossary web site (this site) was officially launched.
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• Jalál 3 Bahá 176 B.E.
• Yawm as-Sabt 16 Rajab  A.H. 1440
• Saturday 23 March A.D. 2019
• Yom Shabbat 16 Adar II  A.M. 5779
A gathering of about 1,200 people attend the groundbreaking of the first local Baha’i House of Worship in Africa located about 4 kilometers west of the town of Matunda in the Matunda Soy district of Kenya.
      Ruth Vuyiya, a much-loved Bahá'í known affectionately as "Mama Ruth", set the temple’s cornerstone on the red soil. Ms. Vuyiya was joined by her daughter, members of the National Spiritual Assembly of Kenya, construction contractors and the temple’s architect Neda Samimi. After the ceremonial groundbreaking, attendees celebrated the moment in song and ululations.
     The groundbreaking took place almost one year after its elegant and simple design, inspired by the region’s traditional huts, was unveiled at the same site. The design incorporates an intricate and expressive pattern that uses the diamond shape, a familiar motif in Kenyan culture. Exposed roof beams punctuating the nine sides of the edifice will be drawn together at an apex skylight. Inside, the skylight will sit atop a Greatest Name symbol, and 250 people can be seated. The temple will be built from local materials. [BWNS 1317]
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• Jalál 17 / Jamál 18 Bahá 176 B.E.
• Yawm as-Sabt 30 Rajab /
   Yawm al-Aḥad 1 Sha'bān  A.H. 1440
• Saturday 6 / Sunday 7 April A.D. 2019
• Yom Shabbat 1 / Yom Rishon 2
    Nissan  A.M. 5779
The Heroes Teaching Conference was an historic gathering of over 1,000 Baha'i adults, youth, junior youth and children, as well as some of their like-minded friends from all over Southern Queensland and Northern New South Wales, Australia. It was organised by the Regional Bahá'í Council and Board of Counsellors, the program aimed to help its participants find their place in service to Bahá’u’lláh and humanity, by drawing on the heroism of the past, inspiring them to arise, through humble service, and become heroes of the Faith for this age. [Conference Website]
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• Riḍván 176 B.E.
• Riḍván  A.H. 1440
• Riḍván A.D. 2019
• Riḍván  A.M. 5779
In its Ridván Message the Universal House of Justice announced the intention of constructing a Shrine for 'Abdu'l-Bahá near the Ridván Garden on the crescent traced between the Holy Shrines in 'Akká and Haifa. The day after His passing in Haifa on Kamál 6 Qawl 78 B.E. (28 November 1921), ‘Abdu’l-Bahá’s remains were placed in a vault within the sacred Shrine of the Bab on Mount Carmel, a temporary arrangement until such time that a separate shrine would be erected in His honor.
  • “...Ridvan messages: As early as 1923 Shoghi Effendi sent a letter of encouragement and greeting to the American national Bahá'í convention at Ridvan. Later it was his regular practice to write a Ridvan letter to the Bahá'ís of the world summarizing the progress of the Faith in the previous year and setting out general directions for the coming year. The Universal House of Justice has continued this practice. Other Bahá'í institutions, especially national spiritual assemblies, also sometimes issue Ridvan letters." [SA241]
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• Jamál 1 Jamál 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Aḥad 22 Sha'bān  A.H. 1440
• Sunday 28 April A.D. 2019
• Yom Rishon 23 Nissan  A.M. 5779
The passing of Don Otto Rogers (b. 1935 in Kerrobert, Saskatchewan) a former member of the International Teaching Centre, in Picton, Ontario. He was buried in the Rose Cemetery in Waupoos, Ontario.
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• Fidál 10 Jamál 176 B.E.
• Yawm ath-Thulāthā' 2 Ramaḍān
   A.H. 1440
• Tuesday 7 May A.D. 2019
• Yom Shlishi 2 Iyar A.M. 5779
In a letter to all National Spiritual Assemblies, the House of Justice announced the appointment of Hossein Amanat as the architect chosen for the design of the Shrine of 'Abdu'l-Bahá. The distinguished Iranian-Canadian architect is best known for his designs of three of the buildings of the Arc on Mount Carmel in Haifa as well as the Azadi Tower in Tehran.
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• Jamál 3 `Aẓamat 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Aḥad 14 Ramaḍān  A.H. 1440
• Sunday 19 May A.D. 2019
• Yom Rishon 14 Iyar A.M. 5779
The Universal House of Justice announced the appointment of the members of the International Board of Trustees of Ḥuqúqu’lláh for a five-year term to commence on the anniversary of the Declaration of the Báb, 24 May 2019.
  • Those appointed were: Ho Yuet Mee, Enos Makhele, Manijeh Reyhani, Adam Robarts, and William Wieties.
  • The Universal House of Justice express profound gratitude for the exemplary service rendered by Marzia Rowhani Dalal to the institution. [Bahá'í Canada posted 2019/05/27]
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• Istijlál 7 `Aẓamat 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Khamīs 18 Ramaḍān  A.H. 1440
• Thursday 23 May A.D. 2019
• Yom Chamishi 18 Iyar A.M. 5779
The Baha’i World publication website was launched online this date.
  • The website made available a selection of thoughtful essays and long-form articles on a range of subjects of interest to the wider public, conveying advancements in Bahá'í thought and action and reflecting the Faith’s purpose in the world. [BWNS1329]
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• Jalál 18 Núr 176 B.E.
• Yawm as-Sabt 18 Shawwāl  A.H. 1440
• Saturday 22 June A.D. 2019
• Yom Shabbat 19 Sivan  A.M. 5779
More than 30 representatives from Australia, Cambodia, Chile, Colombia, Germany, India, Panama, Samoa, Uganda, and the United States gathered for the consultations at the Bahá'í World Centre to explore what is being learned about every one of the Houses of Worship. The consultations touched on a range of topics, from practical requirements of managing a Temple to its profound spiritual and social impacts on surrounding populations. [BWNS1334]
  • The Baha’i World News Service interviewed representatives of Houses of Worship in Chile, India, and Uganda, which can be heard in a two-part podcast. Part one of the podcast, which focuses on the spiritual experiences people are having at Temples, can be found on SoundCloud.
  • An in depth exploration of Houses of Worship can be found in a newly published article For the Betterment of the World, to the Glory of God; The Emergence of Bahá’í Houses of Worship by Ann Boyles
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• Jalál 8 Kalimát 176 B.E.
• Yawm as-Sabt 17 Dhū al-Qa'dah
   A.H. 1440
• Saturday 20 July A.D. 2019
• Yom Shabbat 17 Tammuz A.M. 5779
The social media platform Twitter suspended several accounts linked to Iranian state media—including the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA), Mehr, and Young Journalists Club (YJC), which was run by the state broadcaster Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting (IRIB)—over their coordinated and targeted harassment of Bahá'ís. It was estimated that since 2014 more than 26,000 pieces of anti-Bahá'í media have appeared on official or semi-official Iranian television channels. [Aljazeera 21 July 2019]
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• Istiqlál 14 Kalimát 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Jum'ah 23 Dhū al-Qa'dah
   A.H. 1440
• Friday 26 July A.D. 2019
• Yom Shishi 23 Tammuz A.M. 5779
In a message from the secretariat of the Universal House of Justice to selected National Assemblies it was announced that a new portal had been opened on the pilgrimage website (pilgrimage.bahai.org) that would allow Bahá'ís to submit, track and update pilgrimage and visit requests directly. [CBN Vol 32 No 3 Fall 2019 p6]
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• Istijlál 1 Kamál 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Khamīs 29 Dhū al-Qa'dah
   A.H. 1440
• Thursday 1 August A.D. 2019
• Yom Chamishi 29 Tammuz A.M. 5779
Religions for Peace is the world’s largest inter-religious coalition. Their mandate is to work to transform violent conflict, advance human development, promote just and harmonious societies. It is comprised of a world council of religious leaders and bodies from over 125 countries. Its organization, built over its 50-year history, comprises of six regional Interreligious Councils and is built on the principle of religious representation that reflects the fabric of religious demography.
  • The Bahá'í International Community’s Principal Representative, Ms. Bani Dugal, was elected as a co-president and member of the World Council of Religions for Peace to become part of the 51 member council of co-presidents. The election, which is held every five years, was held in August in Lindau, Germany. Ms. Dugal was elected by over 700 voting delegates.
  • Dr. Azza Karam, Professor of Religion and Development at the Vrije Universiteit in Amsterdam, Netherlands and former senior advisor on culture at the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) was elected as the body’s new secretary-general, becoming the first woman to hold the post. At UNFPA, she also served as chairperson of the UN task force on engagement with faith-based organizations. [BIC News]
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• Istijlál 8 / Jamál 11 Kamál 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Khamīs 6 / Yawm al-Aḥad 9
   Dhū al-Ḥijjah  A.H. 1440
• Thursday 8 / Sunday 11 August A.D. 2019
• Yom Chamishi 7 / Yom Rishon 10 Av
   A.M. 5779
The 43rd Annual Conference of the Association for Bahá'í Studies–North America was held in the Westin Hotel in Ottawa, Canada. The four day conference was attended by some 1,400 persons. [BWNS1347]
  • Plenary session recordings of past sessions are available for free streaming and downloading on the ABS Vimeo page.
  • Photos.
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• Istiqlál 11 Asmá' 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Jum'ah 28 Dhū al-Ḥijjah
   A.H. 1440
• Friday 30 August A.D. 2019
• Yom Shishi 29 Av A.M. 5779
The passing of Dr Udo Schaefer (b. October 19, 1926 in Heidelberg, Germany). He enrolled as a Bahá'í in 1948 and became one of the most important contemporary theologians of the Bahá'í Faith, well known for his scholarship and his defence of the Faith. He came from a family of musicians and his early studies were in in that field but he changed streams and became a lawyer. [FaceBook]
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• Istiqlál 18 Asmá' 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Jum'ah 6 Muḥarram A.H. 1441
• Friday 6 September A.D. 2019
• Yom Shishi 6 Elul A.M. 5779
The Universal House of Justice announced the launch of a new website to provide information about the events held to commemorate the Twin Holy Days. The site was revealed over an eight week period and was made available in Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Hindi, Persian, Portuguese, Russian, Spanish, and Swahili. It provided live streaming during the hours that the Bahá'í communities around the world commemorated the Birth of the Báb and the Birth of Bahá’u’lláh on the 29th and 30th of October. [BWNS1350]
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• Fidál 3 `Izzat 176 B.E.
• Yawm ath-Thulāthā' 10 Muḥarram
   A.H. 1441
• Tuesday 10 September A.D. 2019
• Yom Shlishi 10 Elul A.M. 5779
In the 42nd Regular Session of the Human Rights Council, the International Bahá'í Community presented an Oral Statement addressing the High Commissioner report on Yemen.
  • See as well the BIC's statement to the 40th Session of the UN Human Rights Council on the 20th of March, 2019.
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• Fidál 10 `Izzat 176 B.E.
• Yawm ath-Thulāthā' 17 Muḥarram
   A.H. 1441
• Tuesday 17 September A.D. 2019
• Yom Shlishi 17 Elul A.M. 5779
The prosecutor in Mr. Haydara’s appeal not only restated its support of the lower court decision to execute Mr. Haydara but also called to “immediately deport… all who are considered Bahá'ís” and to “ban their entry” into Yemen, significantly escalating the scope of the judicial prosecution far beyond the mandate of the appeal. In its written statement, the prosecution further requested the court to adopt any additional measures to discourage Bahá'í beliefs and their expression in the country. At a court hearing on 1 October 2019, the judge called for the listing of the assets of Mr. Haydara and of the Bahá'í National Assembly in advance of their seizure. [BIC News 10 October, 2019]
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• Istijlál 12 `Izzat 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Khamīs 19 Muḥarram A.H. 1441
• Thursday 19 September A.D. 2019
• Yom Chamishi 19 Elul A.M. 5779
The Universal House of Justice released the design concept for the Shrine of ‘Abdu’l-Bahá by Hossein Amanat to all National Spiritual Assemblies. [BWNS1353]
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• Istiqlál 13 `Izzat 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Jum'ah 20 Muḥarram A.H. 1441
• Friday 20 September A.D. 2019
• Yom Shishi 20 Elul A.M. 5779
The film Dawn of the Light, a feature film commissioned by the Universal House of Justice for the occasion of the 200th anniversary of the birth of the Báb, was released on the bicentenary website. It was made available in nine languages. [BWNS1354]
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• Istijlál 19 `Izzat 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Khamīs 26 Muḥarram A.H. 1441
• Thursday 26 September A.D. 2019
• Yom Chamishi 26 Elul A.M. 5779
By a resolution of the Human Rights Council at the United Nations the international community condemned the Houthi persecution of Bahá'ís on the basis of their religion or belief. This resolution passed just two weeks after the prosecutors in a Houthi-controlled appeals court in Sana’a, Yemen who defended a previous death sentence of a Bahá'í on the basis of his beliefs, argued for the expulsion of all Bahá'ís from the country and the confiscation of their properties. [BIC News 30 September, 2019]
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• Fidál 5 Mashíyyat 176 B.E.
• Yawm ath-Thulāthā' 1 Ṣafar  A.H. 1441
• Tuesday 1 October A.D. 2019
• Yom Shlishi 2 Tishri  A.M. 5780
The publication of the message from the Universal House of Justice marking the bicentenial of birth of the Báb.
  • An audio file of the message in English can be found on YouTube.
__________ __________
• Fidál 5 Mashíyyat 176 B.E.
• Yawm ath-Thulāthā' 1 Ṣafar  A.H. 1441
• Tuesday 1 October A.D. 2019
• Yom Shlishi 2 Tishri  A.M. 5780
The Bahá'í International Community announced the appointment of Dr. David Rutstein as its new Secretary-General. He succeeded Dr. Joshua Lincoln who had been serving in this capacity since 2013. The role of the Secretary-General is to act on behalf of the Universal House of Justice in the conduct of its external affairs, including its relations with Israel. [BWNS1357]
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• 'Idál 6 Mashíyyat 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Arba'ā' 2 Ṣafar  A.H. 1441
• Wednesday 2 October A.D. 2019
• Yom Reviʻi 3 Tishri  A.M. 5780
The British Library marked the bicentenary of the birth of the Báb with various initiatives alongside the launch of a new website, Discovering Sacred Texts. With the launch of this website there were companion exhibitions which featured examples of the Faith’s original texts.
  • The library displayed three rare and exquisite pieces in its Treasures Gallery: an original of the Báb’s own handwriting, in the shape of a five-pointed star; calligraphic exercises written by Bahá’u’lláh in His childhood; and an example of “Revelation Writing”, the form in which Bahá’u’lláh’s words were recorded at speed by His secretaries as they were revealed. These manuscripts were on display at the library for six months.
  • Coinciding with the launch of the site and the exhibition was the publication of an article by Moojan Momen, specially commissioned by the library for the 200th anniversary of the birth of the Báb. Dr. Momen wrote about the three original works on display at the exhibition, set in the context of a brief historical account of the life of the Bab.
  • To further mark the bicentenary, the library invited actor and comedian Omid Djalili to stage his one-man show A Strange Bit of History written by Annabel Knight. The play recounts events surrounding the appearance of the Báb and Bahá’u’lláh. This performance ran for four days. It was first performed at the 1993 Edinburgh Festival, where it won the Spirit of the Fringe Award. Over the next four years it was performed 109 times in 10 different countries. [BWNS1358]
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• Istiqlál 15 Mashíyyat 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Jum'ah 11 Ṣafar  A.H. 1441
• Friday 11 October A.D. 2019
• Yom Shishi 12 Tishri  A.M. 5780
‘Ali Nakhjavani, (b. 19 September, 1919 in Baku, Azerbaijan) former member of the Universal House of Justice (1963-2003), passed away in Molsheim, Alsace, France. He was 100 years old. The Universal House of Justice requested all National Assemblies that memorial services be held for him. [BWNS1361]
  • After his father's death when he was two years old, his family was advised by 'Abdu'l-Bahá to move to Haifa where he grew up. In 1939 he received the Bachelor of Arts degree with distinction from the American University of Beirut, and then in the early 1940s he relocated to Iran, residing first in Tehran, then Tabriz and finally in Shiraz. In 1950 he was elected to the National Spiritual Assembly of the Bahá'ís Iran where he served until the following year.
  • In 1951 he and his family moved to Uganda to assist with the development of the Bahá'í community in that country. He made his living as a teacher and lecturer. During his early years there, Enoch Olinga became a Bahá'í, and in 1953 Mr Nakhjavání and his wife Violette, along with Mr Olinga and two other Bahá'ís, travelled from Uganda to Cameroon to help spread the Bahá'í Faith in that country.
  • From 1954-61 he was a member of the Auxiliary Board in Africa, and later from 1956 to 1961 he was served on the Bahá'í National Spiritual Assembly of Central and East Africa.
  • In 1961 he was elected to the International Bahá'í Council and so moved to Haifa. In 1963 he was elected to the Universal House of Justice during its inaugural convention, and served as a member of that body until 2003. [Find a grave]
  • For a video tribute to Mr Nakhjavani see YouTube.
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• Fidál 7 `Ilm 176 B.E.
• Yawm ath-Thulāthā' 22 Ṣafar  A.H. 1441
• Tuesday 22 October A.D. 2019
• Yom Shlishi 23 Tishri  A.M. 5780
The Bahá'í World News Service provided an update on the progress of the construction of the local Bahá'í House of Worship in Matunda, Kenya. Located just west of the town of Matunda, the site of the Bahá'í Temple is in a region that is home to some of Kenya’s earliest Bahá'í communities, where patterns of worship and service to humanity have been fostered over decades.
  • The foundation of the central edifice has been laid and work on other structural elements of the building was advancing. The 1.5-meter central mound on which the 18-meter-tall Temple will stand had been completed. Work on columns had begun and construction of its auxiliary structures, such as a visitor’s center, was well underway. [BWNS1363]
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• Fidál 14 `Ilm 176 B.E.
• Yawm ath-Thulāthā' 29 Ṣafar  A.H. 1441
• Tuesday 29 October A.D. 2019
• Yom Shlishi 30 Tishri  A.M. 5780
Bicentenary of the Birth of the Báb

The Bahá'í world commemorated the 200th anniversary of the birth of the Báb. The bicentenary website chronicled just some of the thousands of celebrations.
  • In early October the Universal House of Justice sent a message to all who have come to honour the Herald of a new Dawn.
  • A film called Dawn of the Light was commissioned. It was made available in 10 languages in a variety of formats. The film portrayed several individuals from different continents as they related their own personal search after truth and meaning. They shared their discovery that God had sent two Divine Manifestations Whose teachings were revolutionizing human thought and behaviour, changing darkness into light. The film showed glimpses of how this same discovery was inspiring the efforts of many across the globe to serve humanity and to contribute to building a new pattern of life.
  • The site also featured four articles The Mission of the Báb by former Universal House of Justice member Douglas Martin, Religion Renewed, Divine Revelation, and Bahá'í Teachings in Action...
  • ...and small sample from among the countless artistic expressions created by individuals and communities around the world for the occasion of the bicentenary.
  • During the celebrations there was live streaming of the services held the Bahá'í Houses of Worship.
  • In addition there was an official Facebook page and an Instagram account.
  • Some national communities had their own Facebook page such as the Bahá'ís of the United Kingdom and the Bahá'ís of the United States.
  • On the 8th of November the Universal House of Justice sent a message to the Bahá'ís of the World commenting on the celebrations and activities held by the worldwide Bahá’í community to commemorate the bicentenary of the Birth of the Báb.
  • See the English translation of the message of the Universal House of Justice dated the 24th of October addressed to the followers of Bahá’u’lláh in the sacred land of Iran.
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• Fidál 14 `Ilm 176 B.E.
• Yawm ath-Thulāthā' 29 Ṣafar  A.H. 1441
• Tuesday 29 October A.D. 2019
• Yom Shlishi 30 Tishri  A.M. 5780
The British Library published a blog to commemorate the Bicentenary of the Birth of the Báb. It is a commentary on the Star Tablet of the Báb or the Haykal.
__________ __________
• Fidál 14 `Ilm 176 B.E.
• Yawm ath-Thulāthā' 29 Ṣafar  A.H. 1441
• Tuesday 29 October A.D. 2019
• Yom Shlishi 30 Tishri  A.M. 5780
The commemoration of the bicentenary of the Birth of the Báb gave rise to an outpouring of artistic expressions from people on every continent, a sure reminder of the profound influence that the life and mission of the Báb continues to have, and will increasingly exert, on artistic expression worldwide. This includes the following Bahá'í World articles:
  • Tales of Magnificent Heroism: The impact of the Báb and His followers on writers and artists by Robert Weinberg.
  • A Twofold Mission: Some Distinctive Characteristics of the Person and Teachings of the Báb by Elham Afnan.
__________ __________
• Jamál 14 Qudrat 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Aḥad 19 Rabī' al-awwal
   A.H. 1441
• Sunday 17 November A.D. 2019
• Yom Rishon 19 Cheshvan  A.M. 5780
About 2,000 people were joined by representatives of the national government and members of the National Spiritual Assembly for the groundbreaking ceremony at the Temple site at Lenakel, on the island of Tanna, Vanuatu. A traditional wooden spade called a kakel was used to turn the soil symbolizing the start of construction on the local Bahá'í House of Worship. Local chiefs had presented the kakel to the Bahá'í community in a customary ceremony the day before to honour the eight tribes of Tanna that together offered the land for the Temple. [BWNS1373]
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• Jamál 2 Qawl 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Aḥad 26 Rabī' al-awwal
    A.H. 1441
• Sunday 24 November A.D. 2019
• Yom Rishon 26 Cheshvan  A.M. 5780
Progress Report on the construction of the national Baha’i House of Worship for Papua New Guinea the first Mashriqul-Adhkár to be designated as a national Temple.

  • The House of Worship will be situated on a hilltop in the country’s sprawling capital city, Port Moresby. It will be located on the same property as the Baha’i community’s national offices and will include gardens and other meditative spaces. The central edifice will have nine gabled-roof entrances made of timber.
  • After receiving formal approval to commence construction from National Capital District’s building board in August, the excavation work began. At the time of the report the Temple’s foundation was being laid and it was expected to be complete by December. Work on the steel superstructure was scheduled to begin in January.
  • Slideshow. Mashriqul-Adhkar
__________ __________
• Istijlál 8 Masá'il 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Khamīs 21 Rabī' ath-thānī
   A.H. 1441
• Thursday 19 December A.D. 2019
• Yom Chamishi 21 Kislev  A.M. 5780
The US Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) designated for sanctions, two judges presiding over branches of the Iranian regime’s Revolutionary Court who, for years, had punished Iranian citizens and dual-nationals for exercising their freedoms of expression or assembly. In many cases, these judges sentenced political prisoners to death. Through their respective branches of the Revolutionary Courts, Abolghassem Salavati and Mohammad Moghisseh oversaw the Iranian regime’s miscarriage of justice in show trials in which journalists, attorneys, political activists, and members of Iran’s ethnic and religious minority groups were penalized for exercising their freedom of expression and assembly and sentenced to lengthy prison terms, lashes, and even execution.
  • Both Salavati and Moghisseh had been sanctioned by the European Union for presiding over a series of show trials following the June 2009 Iranian presidential election, which imposed long prison sentences and several death sentences for political activists and journalists.
  • Moghisseh, Head of Tehran Revolutionary Court, Branch 28, had also pressed questionable charges against several members of Iran’s Bahá'í religious minority, prosecuting them for supposed participation in activities such as propaganda against the state and assembly and collusion against national security, after they reportedly held prayer and worship ceremonies with other members. [US Dept of the Treasury; Iran Press Watch 30 June 2017]
  • As the Head of Branch 15 of the Revolutionary Court in Tehran, Judge Abdolghassem Salavati had been responsible for multiple human rights violations by presiding over unfair trials, suppressing protests, persecuting ethnic and religious minorities, making excessive use of the death penalty, and issuing heavy prison sentences for activists. He had prosecuted and delivered harsh sentences, including many death sentences, to scores of political prisoners, human rights activists, and peaceful demonstrators, earning him the moniker “the Judge of Death.” Salavati is responsible for executing prison sentences for Bahá'í professors on the basis of their faith after they were charged with national security-related charges for their work at a virtual Bahá'í university. [ifmat.org]
__________ __________
• In the year 176-177 B.E.
• In the year A.H. 1441-1442
• In the year A.D. 2020
• In the year A.M. 5780-5781
The publication of The Last Refuge: Fifty Years of the Universal House of Justice by Shahbaz Fatheazam. It was published by ‘Irfán Colloquia.
__________ __________
• Kamál 14 Sharaf 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Ithnayn 17 Jumādá al-ūlá
   A.H. 1441
• Monday 13 January A.D. 2020
• Yom Sheni 16 Tevet  A.M. 5780
A tree-planting ceremony coinciding with the start of the construction of the Shrine of 'Abdu'l-Bahá was attended by the mayor of Akka, Shimon Lankri, and dignitaries representing the city’s religious communities as well as guests including leaders of the Jewish, Muslim, Christian, and Druze communities, officials of local government, and academics from educational institutions in the area. [BWNS1383]
__________ __________
• Istijlál 5 Sulṭán 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Khamīs 27 Jumādá al-ūlá
   A.H. 1441
• Thursday 23 January A.D. 2020
• Yom Chamishi 26 Tevet  A.M. 5780
The Cambridge University Press published Global Governance and the Emergence of Global Institutions for the 21st Century co-authored by Augusto Lopez-Claros (former Director, Global Indicators Group at the World Bank Group), Arthur L. Dahl (former Deputy Assistant Executive Director, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)), Maja Groff (International lawyer, Visiting Professor, Faculty of Global Governance and Global Affairs, Leiden University College). [BWNS1279; Photo]
  • See a graphic presentatation of the proposals made.
  • The PDF may be obtained from the Cambridge University Press site.
  • See the International Environmental Forum for a brief description of the book.
  • See as well the synopsis at Global Challenges Foundation.
  • See the Wilmette Institute for a webinar hosted by the authors.
__________ __________
• Kamál 9 Sulṭán 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Ithnayn 1 Jumādá al-ākhirah
   A.H. 1441
• Monday 27 January A.D. 2020
• Yom Sheni 1 Shevat  A.M. 5780
The Baha’i International Community expressed its concern with the surge in persecution by the Iranian authorities against the Bahá'í community. It had the appearance of an institutional decision that impacted Bahá'ís across the country.
  • By restricting applicants of the new Iranian national identification card to select only one of the four recognized religions—i.e. Islam, Christianity, Judaism or Zoroastrianism—those belonging to other faiths, including Bahá'ís, were forced to either lie about their beliefs or remain deprived of the most basic civil services, such as applying for a loan, cashing a check, or buying property.
  • A court has ruled that all of the properties belonging to the Bahá'ís in the village of Ivel be confiscated on the basis that Bahá'ís have “a perverse ideology” and therefore have no “legitimacy in their ownership” of any property. This outrageous decision is despite the fact that Baha’is have been resident in the area and owned properties there for generations, reaching as far back as the mid 1800s.
  • In the previous three months alone, dozens of Bahá'ís were arrested and dozens more received religiously-motivated sentences, for a combined prison term of nearly one hundred years. Individual Bahá'ís were sentenced to upwards of ten years in prison; in yet another case the gold used by a Bahá'í in his jewelry business was called for to be confiscated.
  • In the previous three months, Bahá'ís also experienced multiple home raids, attacks on properties, confiscation of possessions, dismissals from employment, and continued denial of access to higher education. In one case, a Bahá'í home was entirely destroyed. In another instance, a non-Bahá'í employer was forced to provide a list of her Bahá'í employees and then to dismiss them from employment.
  • A relentless campaign of misinformation about theBahá'í Faith targeting the Iranian public has continued in full force in the news and social media. Thousands of such anti-Bahá'í propaganda have circulated in 2019 alone. [BIC 27 January 2020]
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• 'Idál 18 Sulṭán 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Arba'ā' 10 Jumādá al-ākhirah
   A.H. 1441
• Wednesday 5 February A.D. 2020
• Yom Reviʻi 10 Shevat  A.M. 5780
The establishment of the International Religious Freedom or Belief Alliance (IRFBA) in Washington DC created to promote Article 18 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states that all peoples have freedom to believe or not believe, to change faith, to meet alone for prayer or together for worship. At its inception, the Alliance had 27 founding members. They published a declaration, written in cooperation with the UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief (FoRB) that set out the guiding principles of the Alliance. The ministers of the alliance meet once a year on a rotating basis. [Forbes Magazine; Joint Statement; Website]
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• Fidál 19 Mulk 176 B.E.
• Yawm ath-Thulāthā' 1 Rajab  A.H. 1441
• Tuesday 25 February A.D. 2020
• Yom Shlishi 30 Shevat  A.M. 5780
A hearing on the case of 24 Yemeni Bahá'ís took place in Sana’a. The presiding judge, Mujahed al-Amdi, mocked the defence lawyer when he protested at being denied access to his clients. The judge later relented yet made access to the Bahá'ís contingent on officers being present during any meeting, in violation of their rights. Judge al-Amdi also tried during the hearing to replace the defence lawyer with a lawyer of the Judge’s own choosing.

Five Baha’is, who had been detained since 2017 and were among the 24 being tried, were present during the court hearing. The Bahá'ís later, for the first time since their original detention, were allowed to meet with their lawyer outside the courtroom. Six officers supervised the meeting as per Judge al-Amdi’s decree. The lawyer continued to be denied access to the documents presented to the court by the prosecution. [BIC 28 February 2020; BIC 23 February 2020]

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• Kamál 2 `Alá' 176 B.E.
• Yawm al-Ithnayn 7 Rajab  A.H. 1441
• Monday 2 March A.D. 2020
• Yom Sheni 6 Adar A.M. 5780
The Bahá'í International Community-Brussels hosted a conference entitled A Vision for A Society of the Future? A Brainstorming Session on AI. [YouTube; BIC website]
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• Kamál 9 `Alá' 176 B.E. / Istiqlál 1 Bahá
   177 B.E.
• Yawm al-Ithnayn / Yawm al-Jum'ah
  14 / 24 Rajab  A.H. 1441
• Monday / Friday 9 / 20 March A.D. 2020
• Yom Sheni / Yom Shishi 13 / 24 Adar
   A.M. 5780
The Bahá'í International Community submitted a statement entitled Developing New Dynamics of Power to Transform the Structures of Society to the Commission on the Status of Women in the follow-up to the Fourth World Conference on Women and to the twenty-third special session of the General Assembly.

The statement can be found on the UN website.

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[ABBC Online]
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< 175 B.E. | 177 B.E. >
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Most of the Gregorian Calendar dates, A.H. 1166 (A.D. 1753) to 153 B.E (A.D. 1996), are from the original book, A Basic Bahá'í Chronology. From 153 B.E (A.D. 1996) to present the Gregorian Calendar dates are from A Basic Bahá'í Chronology online. The Hebrew, Islamic and Bahá'í dates were calculated by the ABG staff and may be subject to error, despite the great care that was taken. When the Gregorian date is "In the year", "c. Mar 1797", etc., we list the nearest approximate Hebrew, Islamic and Bahá'í dates.
 
Notes:
  • The dates in the left column do not always match the dates in the text. This is due to the plethora of calculations and calculators available. We use the calendar conversions from Calendar Home - Convert a date.
  • Continuous time periods, e.g., Monday thru Friday or June thru August, are annotated as Monday / Friday and June / August rather than Monday-Friday and June-August in all four calendars. This is to avoid confusion with Islamic days and months which contain a hyphen (or dash), e.g. Yawm ath-Thulatha', Jumadá al-akhirah.
  • Date Format = Day of the Week Name, Day of the Month Number, Month Name, Year Number -
  • c. = circa - meaning: "Around, round about, about. The prep. is often used in Eng. with dates, as circa 1400 (c 1400)." (Oxford English Dictionary)
  • Items with a greenish background are publications 
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